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Struts 2.3.19 to 2.3.20.2, 2.3.21 to 2.3.24.1, and 2.3.25 to 2.3.28, when Dynamic Method Invocation is enabled, allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via method: prefix, related to chained expressions.","epss":{"date":"2026-11-12","epss":0.96916,"percentile":0.99889},"epss_checked":1794522003,"first_seen":1793665374,"kev":{"cveID":"CVE-2016-3081","cwes":["CWE-77"],"dateAdded":"2026-10-08","dueDate":"2026-10-11","forensicTriage":"Yes","knownRansomwareCampaignUse":"Unknown","notes":"This vulnerability could affect an open-source component, third-party library, protocol, or proprietary implementation that could be used by different products. For more information, please see: https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/WW/S2-032 ; ; BOD 26-04: https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/directives/bod-26-04-prioritizing-security-updates-based-risk ; Forensics Triage Requirements: https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/directives/bod-26-04-implementation-guidance-prioritizing-security-updates-based-risk ; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-3081","product":"Struts","requiredAction":"Apply mitigations in accordance with vendor instructions, ensuring compliance with CISA\u2019s BOD 26-04 Prioritizing Security Updates Based on Risk (see URL in Notes) guidance and CISA\u2019s \u201cForensics Triage Requirements\u201d (see URL in Notes). Follow applicable BOD 26-04 guidance for cloud services or discontinue use of the product if mitigations are unavailable. Stakeholders are responsible for evaluating each asset's internet exposure and ensuring adherence to BOD 26-04 patching guidelines.","shortDescription":"Apache Struts contains a command injection vulnerability that could allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via method:prefix when Dynamic Method Invocation is enabled.","vendorProject":"Apache","vulnerabilityName":"Apache Struts Command Injection Vulnerability"},"kev_checked":1794522003,"products":"n/a n/a","references":["http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1035665","https://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-032.html","http://www.huawei.com/en/psirt/security-advisories/huawei-sa-20160527-01-struts2-en","http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2016-2881720.html","http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpuoct2016-2881722.html","http://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/linux/http/struts_dmi_exec","https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/39756/","http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91787","http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/136856/Apache-Struts-2.3.28-Dynamic-Method-Invocation-Remote-Code-Execution.html","http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/87327","http://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/multi/http/struts_dmi_exec","https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2016-3081"],"score":{"attackComplexity":"HIGH","attackVector":"NETWORK","availabilityImpact":"HIGH","baseScore":8.1,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","confidentialityImpact":"HIGH","integrityImpact":"HIGH","privilegesRequired":"NONE","provider":"CISA-ADP","scope":"UNCHANGED","userInteraction":"NONE","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","version":"3.1"},"solutions":"","state":"PUBLISHED","title":"Apache Struts Command Injection Vulnerability","updated_at":1794500401,"workarounds":""},"sources":[{"canonical_url":"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2016-3081","id":29,"publisher":"CISA KEV","title":"Apache Struts Command Injection Vulnerability"}]}