{"history":[{"alert":0,"cve":"CVE-2021-28663","id":22239,"kind":"epss","observed_at":1794500401,"payload":"{\"date\": \"2026-11-12\", \"epss\": 0.12084, \"percentile\": 0.96204}"},{"alert":0,"cve":"CVE-2021-28663","id":19858,"kind":"epss","observed_at":1794327601,"payload":"{\"date\": \"2026-11-10\", \"epss\": 0.12084, \"percentile\": 0.96179}"},{"alert":0,"cve":"CVE-2021-28663","id":17824,"kind":"epss","observed_at":1794241201,"payload":"{\"date\": \"2026-11-09\", \"epss\": 0.12084, \"percentile\": 0.96175}"},{"alert":0,"cve":"CVE-2021-28663","id":15888,"kind":"epss","observed_at":1794154800,"payload":"{\"date\": \"2026-11-08\", \"epss\": 0.12084, \"percentile\": 0.96172}"},{"alert":0,"cve":"CVE-2021-28663","id":13866,"kind":"epss","observed_at":1794068402,"payload":"{\"date\": \"2026-11-07\", \"epss\": 0.12084, \"percentile\": 0.96169}"},{"alert":0,"cve":"CVE-2021-28663","id":11648,"kind":"epss","observed_at":1793982001,"payload":"{\"date\": \"2026-11-06\", \"epss\": 0.12084, \"percentile\": 0.96164}"},{"alert":0,"cve":"CVE-2021-28663","id":9634,"kind":"epss","observed_at":1793938800,"payload":"{\"date\": \"2026-11-05\", \"epss\": 0.12084, \"percentile\": 0.96161}"},{"alert":1,"cve":"CVE-2021-28663","id":8490,"kind":"cna","observed_at":1793895600,"payload":"{\"containers\": {\"adp\": [{\"affected\": [{\"cpes\": [\"cpe:2.3:a:arm:bifrost_gpu_kernel_driver:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"unknown\", \"product\": \"bifrost_gpu_kernel_driver\", \"vendor\": \"arm\", \"versions\": [{\"lessThanOrEqual\": \"r28p0\", \"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"0\", \"versionType\": \"custom\"}]}, {\"cpes\": [\"cpe:2.3:a:arm:valhall_gpu_kernel_driver:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"unknown\", \"product\": \"valhall_gpu_kernel_driver\", \"vendor\": \"arm\", \"versions\": [{\"lessThanOrEqual\": \"r28p0\", \"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"0\", \"versionType\": \"custom\"}]}, {\"cpes\": [\"cpe:2.3:a:arm:midgard_gpu_kernel_driver:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"unknown\", \"product\": \"midgard_gpu_kernel_driver\", \"vendor\": \"arm\", \"versions\": [{\"lessThanOrEqual\": \"r30p0\", \"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"0\", \"versionType\": \"custom\"}]}], \"metrics\": [{\"cvssV3_1\": {\"attackComplexity\": \"LOW\", \"attackVector\": \"NETWORK\", \"availabilityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"baseScore\": 8.8, \"baseSeverity\": \"HIGH\", \"confidentialityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"integrityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"privilegesRequired\": \"LOW\", \"scope\": \"UNCHANGED\", \"userInteraction\": \"NONE\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\", \"version\": \"3.1\"}}, {\"other\": {\"content\": {\"id\": \"CVE-2021-28663\", \"options\": [{\"Exploitation\": \"active\"}, {\"Automatable\": \"no\"}, {\"Technical Impact\": \"total\"}], \"role\": \"CISA Coordinator\", \"timestamp\": \"2024-07-24T20:58:41.342252Z\", \"version\": \"2.0.3\"}, \"type\": \"ssvc\"}}, {\"other\": {\"content\": {\"dateAdded\": \"2021-11-03\", \"reference\": \"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2021-28663\"}, \"type\": \"kev\"}}], \"problemTypes\": [{\"descriptions\": [{\"cweId\": \"CWE-416\", \"description\": \"CWE-416 Use After Free\", \"lang\": \"en\", \"type\": \"CWE\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"dateUpdated\": \"2025-10-21T23:25:46.291Z\", \"orgId\": \"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\", \"shortName\": \"CISA-ADP\"}, \"references\": [{\"tags\": [\"government-resource\"], \"url\": \"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2021-28663\"}], \"timeline\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"time\": \"2021-11-03T00:00:00.000Z\", \"value\": \"CVE-2021-28663 added to CISA KEV\"}], \"title\": \"CISA ADP Vulnrichment\"}, {\"providerMetadata\": {\"dateUpdated\": \"2024-08-03T21:47:33.122Z\", \"orgId\": \"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\", \"shortName\": \"CVE\"}, \"references\": [{\"tags\": [\"x_transferred\"], \"url\": \"https://developer.arm.com/support/arm-security-updates\"}, {\"tags\": [\"x_transferred\"], \"url\": \"https://developer.arm.com/support/arm-security-updates/mali-gpu-kernel-driver\"}, {\"tags\": [\"x_transferred\"], \"url\": \"https://github.com/lntrx/CVE-2021-28663\"}], \"title\": \"CVE Program Container\"}], \"cna\": {\"affected\": [{\"product\": \"n/a\", \"vendor\": \"n/a\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"n/a\"}]}], \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"The Arm Mali GPU kernel driver allows privilege escalation or information disclosure because GPU memory operations are mishandled, leading to a use-after-free. This affects Bifrost r0p0 through r28p0 before r29p0, Valhall r19p0 through r28p0 before r29p0, and Midgard r4p0 through r30p0.\"}], \"problemTypes\": [{\"descriptions\": [{\"description\": \"n/a\", \"lang\": \"en\", \"type\": \"text\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"dateUpdated\": \"2023-02-23T00:00:00.000Z\", \"orgId\": \"8254265b-2729-46b6-b9e3-3dfca2d5bfca\", \"shortName\": \"mitre\"}, \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://developer.arm.com/support/arm-security-updates\"}, {\"url\": \"https://developer.arm.com/support/arm-security-updates/mali-gpu-kernel-driver\"}, {\"url\": \"https://github.com/lntrx/CVE-2021-28663\"}]}}, \"cveMetadata\": {\"assignerOrgId\": \"8254265b-2729-46b6-b9e3-3dfca2d5bfca\", \"assignerShortName\": \"mitre\", \"cveId\": \"CVE-2021-28663\", \"datePublished\": \"2021-05-10T00:00:00.000Z\", \"dateReserved\": \"2021-03-18T00:00:00.000Z\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2025-10-21T23:25:46.291Z\", \"state\": \"PUBLISHED\"}, \"dataType\": \"CVE_RECORD\", \"dataVersion\": \"5.1\"}"},{"alert":0,"cve":"CVE-2021-28663","id":7182,"kind":"epss","observed_at":1793809200,"payload":"{\"date\": \"2026-11-04\", \"epss\": 0.12084, \"percentile\": 0.96158}"},{"alert":0,"cve":"CVE-2021-28663","id":4959,"kind":"epss","observed_at":1793722800,"payload":"{\"date\": \"2026-11-03\", \"epss\": 0.12084, \"percentile\": 0.96151}"},{"alert":0,"cve":"CVE-2021-28663","id":2741,"kind":"epss","observed_at":1793665375,"payload":"{\"date\": \"2026-11-02\", \"epss\": 0.12084, \"percentile\": 0.96145}"},{"alert":1,"cve":"CVE-2021-28663","id":1528,"kind":"kev","observed_at":1793665375,"payload":"{\"cveID\": \"CVE-2021-28663\", \"cwes\": [\"CWE-416\"], \"dateAdded\": \"2021-11-03\", \"dueDate\": \"2021-11-17\", \"forensicTriage\": \"No\", \"knownRansomwareCampaignUse\": \"Unknown\", \"notes\": \"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-28663\", \"product\": \"Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)\", \"requiredAction\": \"Apply updates per vendor instructions.\", \"shortDescription\": \"Arm Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) kernel driver contains a use-after-free vulnerability that may allow a non-privileged user to make improper operations on GPU memory to gain root privilege, and/or disclose information.\", \"vendorProject\": \"Arm\", \"vulnerabilityName\": \"Arm Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Use-After-Free Vulnerability\"}"}],"record":{"affected":[{"product":"n/a","vendor":"n/a","versions":[{"status":"affected","version":"n/a"}]}],"cna":{"containers":{"adp":[{"affected":[{"cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:arm:bifrost_gpu_kernel_driver:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"defaultStatus":"unknown","product":"bifrost_gpu_kernel_driver","vendor":"arm","versions":[{"lessThanOrEqual":"r28p0","status":"affected","version":"0","versionType":"custom"}]},{"cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:arm:valhall_gpu_kernel_driver:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"defaultStatus":"unknown","product":"valhall_gpu_kernel_driver","vendor":"arm","versions":[{"lessThanOrEqual":"r28p0","status":"affected","version":"0","versionType":"custom"}]},{"cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:arm:midgard_gpu_kernel_driver:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"defaultStatus":"unknown","product":"midgard_gpu_kernel_driver","vendor":"arm","versions":[{"lessThanOrEqual":"r30p0","status":"affected","version":"0","versionType":"custom"}]}],"metrics":[{"cvssV3_1":{"attackComplexity":"LOW","attackVector":"NETWORK","availabilityImpact":"HIGH","baseScore":8.8,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","confidentialityImpact":"HIGH","integrityImpact":"HIGH","privilegesRequired":"LOW","scope":"UNCHANGED","userInteraction":"NONE","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","version":"3.1"}},{"other":{"content":{"id":"CVE-2021-28663","options":[{"Exploitation":"active"},{"Automatable":"no"},{"Technical Impact":"total"}],"role":"CISA Coordinator","timestamp":"2024-07-24T20:58:41.342252Z","version":"2.0.3"},"type":"ssvc"}},{"other":{"content":{"dateAdded":"2021-11-03","reference":"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2021-28663"},"type":"kev"}}],"problemTypes":[{"descriptions":[{"cweId":"CWE-416","description":"CWE-416 Use After Free","lang":"en","type":"CWE"}]}],"providerMetadata":{"dateUpdated":"2025-10-21T23:25:46.291Z","orgId":"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0","shortName":"CISA-ADP"},"references":[{"tags":["government-resource"],"url":"https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2021-28663"}],"timeline":[{"lang":"en","time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00.000Z","value":"CVE-2021-28663 added to CISA KEV"}],"title":"CISA ADP Vulnrichment"},{"providerMetadata":{"dateUpdated":"2024-08-03T21:47:33.122Z","orgId":"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108","shortName":"CVE"},"references":[{"tags":["x_transferred"],"url":"https://developer.arm.com/support/arm-security-updates"},{"tags":["x_transferred"],"url":"https://developer.arm.com/support/arm-security-updates/mali-gpu-kernel-driver"},{"tags":["x_transferred"],"url":"https://github.com/lntrx/CVE-2021-28663"}],"title":"CVE Program Container"}],"cna":{"affected":[{"product":"n/a","vendor":"n/a","versions":[{"status":"affected","version":"n/a"}]}],"descriptions":[{"lang":"en","value":"The Arm Mali GPU kernel driver allows privilege escalation or information disclosure because GPU memory operations are mishandled, leading to a use-after-free. This affects Bifrost r0p0 through r28p0 before r29p0, Valhall r19p0 through r28p0 before r29p0, and Midgard r4p0 through r30p0."}],"problemTypes":[{"descriptions":[{"description":"n/a","lang":"en","type":"text"}]}],"providerMetadata":{"dateUpdated":"2023-02-23T00:00:00.000Z","orgId":"8254265b-2729-46b6-b9e3-3dfca2d5bfca","shortName":"mitre"},"references":[{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/support/arm-security-updates"},{"url":"https://developer.arm.com/support/arm-security-updates/mali-gpu-kernel-driver"},{"url":"https://github.com/lntrx/CVE-2021-28663"}]}},"cveMetadata":{"assignerOrgId":"8254265b-2729-46b6-b9e3-3dfca2d5bfca","assignerShortName":"mitre","cveId":"CVE-2021-28663","datePublished":"2021-05-10T00:00:00.000Z","dateReserved":"2021-03-18T00:00:00.000Z","dateUpdated":"2025-10-21T23:25:46.291Z","state":"PUBLISHED"},"dataType":"CVE_RECORD","dataVersion":"5.1"},"cna_checked":1794370801,"cve":"CVE-2021-28663","description":"The Arm Mali GPU kernel driver allows privilege escalation or information disclosure because GPU memory operations are mishandled, leading to a use-after-free. This affects Bifrost r0p0 through r28p0 before r29p0, Valhall r19p0 through r28p0 before r29p0, and Midgard r4p0 through r30p0.","epss":{"date":"2026-11-12","epss":0.12084,"percentile":0.96204},"epss_checked":1794522003,"first_seen":1793665375,"kev":{"cveID":"CVE-2021-28663","cwes":["CWE-416"],"dateAdded":"2021-11-03","dueDate":"2021-11-17","forensicTriage":"No","knownRansomwareCampaignUse":"Unknown","notes":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-28663","product":"Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)","requiredAction":"Apply updates per vendor instructions.","shortDescription":"Arm Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) kernel driver contains a use-after-free vulnerability that may allow a non-privileged user to make improper operations on GPU memory to gain root privilege, and/or disclose information.","vendorProject":"Arm","vulnerabilityName":"Arm Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Use-After-Free Vulnerability"},"kev_checked":1794522003,"products":"n/a n/a","references":["https://developer.arm.com/support/arm-security-updates","https://developer.arm.com/support/arm-security-updates/mali-gpu-kernel-driver","https://github.com/lntrx/CVE-2021-28663","https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2021-28663"],"score":{"attackComplexity":"LOW","attackVector":"NETWORK","availabilityImpact":"HIGH","baseScore":8.8,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","confidentialityImpact":"HIGH","integrityImpact":"HIGH","privilegesRequired":"LOW","provider":"CISA-ADP","scope":"UNCHANGED","userInteraction":"NONE","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","version":"3.1"},"solutions":"","state":"PUBLISHED","title":"Arm Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Use-After-Free Vulnerability","updated_at":1794500401,"workarounds":""},"sources":[]}
