Exploitation evidence
Known exploited · CISA KEV listed
Added 2021-11-03. Ransomware campaign use: Unknown.
CISA required action: Apply updates per vendor instructions.
CISA due date: 2021-11-17. This is the catalog’s deadline, not an assessment of your organization’s exposure.
KEV checked 13 Nov 2026, 00:20 Jerusalem · Original catalog ↗Reported products and versions
n/a / n/a
Default status: Not specified
- affected: n/a
Fixes and workarounds
No explicit solution text in the downloaded CVE record. Consult the vendor advisory; unaffected version ranges are shown above as reported, not inferred as a patch recommendation.
Sources and related reporting
Observed change timeline
History begins when Egret first downloads each source. It is not the complete upstream CVE history.
12 Nov 2026, 18:20 Jerusalem · EPSS observation updated
Stored EPSS snapshot at this observation.
{
"date": "2026-11-12",
"epss": 0.12084,
"percentile": 0.96204
}10 Nov 2026, 18:20 Jerusalem · EPSS observation updated
Stored EPSS snapshot at this observation.
{
"date": "2026-11-10",
"epss": 0.12084,
"percentile": 0.96179
}09 Nov 2026, 18:20 Jerusalem · EPSS observation updated
Stored EPSS snapshot at this observation.
{
"date": "2026-11-09",
"epss": 0.12084,
"percentile": 0.96175
}08 Nov 2026, 18:20 Jerusalem · EPSS observation updated
Stored EPSS snapshot at this observation.
{
"date": "2026-11-08",
"epss": 0.12084,
"percentile": 0.96172
}07 Nov 2026, 18:20 Jerusalem · EPSS observation updated
Stored EPSS snapshot at this observation.
{
"date": "2026-11-07",
"epss": 0.12084,
"percentile": 0.96169
}06 Nov 2026, 18:20 Jerusalem · EPSS observation updated
Stored EPSS snapshot at this observation.
{
"date": "2026-11-06",
"epss": 0.12084,
"percentile": 0.96164
}06 Nov 2026, 06:20 Jerusalem · EPSS observation updated
Stored EPSS snapshot at this observation.
{
"date": "2026-11-05",
"epss": 0.12084,
"percentile": 0.96161
}05 Nov 2026, 18:20 Jerusalem · CVE Program record changed
Stored CNA snapshot at this observation.
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"affected": [
{
"cpes": [
"cpe:2.3:a:arm:bifrost_gpu_kernel_driver:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
],
"defaultStatus": "unknown",
"product": "bifrost_gpu_kernel_driver",
"vendor": "arm",
"versions": [
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "r28p0",
"status": "affected",
"version": "0",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
"cpes": [
"cpe:2.3:a:arm:valhall_gpu_kernel_driver:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
],
"defaultStatus": "unknown",
"product": "valhall_gpu_kernel_driver",
"vendor": "arm",
"versions": [
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "r28p0",
"status": "affected",
"version": "0",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
"cpes": [
"cpe:2.3:a:arm:midgard_gpu_kernel_driver:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
],
"defaultStatus": "unknown",
"product": "midgard_gpu_kernel_driver",
"vendor": "arm",
"versions": [
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "r30p0",
"status": "affected",
"version": "0",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 8.8,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
}
},
{
"other": {
"content": {
"id": "CVE-2021-28663",
"options": [
{
"Exploitation": "active"
},
{
"Automatable": "no"
},
{
"Technical Impact": "total"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2024-07-24T20:58:41.342252Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
},
"type": "ssvc"
}
},
{
"other": {
"content": {
"dateAdded": "2021-11-03",
"reference": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2021-28663"
},
"type": "kev"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-416",
"description": "CWE-416 Use After Free",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-10-21T23:25:46.291Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"government-resource"
],
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2021-28663"
}
],
"timeline": [
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2021-11-03T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "CVE-2021-28663 added to CISA KEV"
}
],
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
},
{
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2024-08-03T21:47:33.122Z",
"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
"shortName": "CVE"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://developer.arm.com/support/arm-security-updates"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://developer.arm.com/support/arm-security-updates/mali-gpu-kernel-driver"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://github.com/lntrx/CVE-2021-28663"
}
],
"title": "CVE Program Container"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "n/a",
"vendor": "n/a",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "n/a"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "The Arm Mali GPU kernel driver allows privilege escalation or information disclosure because GPU memory operations are mishandled, leading to a use-after-free. This affects Bifrost r0p0 through r28p0 before r29p0, Valhall r19p0 through r28p0 before r29p0, and Midgard r4p0 through r30p0."
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"description": "n/a",
"lang": "en",
"type": "text"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2023-02-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"orgId": "8254265b-2729-46b6-b9e3-3dfca2d5bfca",
"shortName": "mitre"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://developer.arm.com/support/arm-security-updates"
},
{
"url": "https://developer.arm.com/support/arm-security-updates/mali-gpu-kernel-driver"
},
{
"url": "https://github.com/lntrx/CVE-2021-28663"
}
]
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "8254265b-2729-46b6-b9e3-3dfca2d5bfca",
"assignerShortName": "mitre",
"cveId": "CVE-2021-28663",
"datePublished": "2021-05-10T00:00:00.000Z",
"dateReserved": "2021-03-18T00:00:00.000Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-10-21T23:25:46.291Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}04 Nov 2026, 18:20 Jerusalem · EPSS observation updated
Stored EPSS snapshot at this observation.
{
"date": "2026-11-04",
"epss": 0.12084,
"percentile": 0.96158
}03 Nov 2026, 18:20 Jerusalem · EPSS observation updated
Stored EPSS snapshot at this observation.
{
"date": "2026-11-03",
"epss": 0.12084,
"percentile": 0.96151
}03 Nov 2026, 02:22 Jerusalem · EPSS observation updated
Stored EPSS snapshot at this observation.
{
"date": "2026-11-02",
"epss": 0.12084,
"percentile": 0.96145
}03 Nov 2026, 02:22 Jerusalem · CISA KEV status changed
Stored KEV snapshot at this observation.
{
"cveID": "CVE-2021-28663",
"cwes": [
"CWE-416"
],
"dateAdded": "2021-11-03",
"dueDate": "2021-11-17",
"forensicTriage": "No",
"knownRansomwareCampaignUse": "Unknown",
"notes": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-28663",
"product": "Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)",
"requiredAction": "Apply updates per vendor instructions.",
"shortDescription": "Arm Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) kernel driver contains a use-after-free vulnerability that may allow a non-privileged user to make improper operations on GPU memory to gain root privilege, and/or disclose information.",
"vendorProject": "Arm",
"vulnerabilityName": "Arm Mali Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Use-After-Free Vulnerability"
}